Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model of DNA in which year and journal?

Chargaff's rules state that in any DNA sample:

If one strand of DNA has base composition: A=30%, T=20%, G=25%, C=25%. Is this consistent with Chargaff's rules for DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA?

DNA packaging in eukaryotes: the basic structural unit of chromatin is:

The 'Search for Genetic Material' — Griffith's transformation experiment (1928) demonstrated:

The purine bases in DNA are:

In DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are formed on which strand and why?

Telomeres and telomerase — what is the 'end replication problem' and how is it solved?

In transcription, which strand of DNA is used as the template?

The genetic code is described as 'degenerate.' What does this mean?

What are the THREE stop codons and ONE start codon?

Properties of the genetic code — which property states the genetic code is the SAME in all living organisms?

tRNA structure — which part of tRNA carries the amino acid and which recognizes the codon?

The ribosome has three sites for tRNA binding. What are they?

What are introns and exons, and what process removes introns from pre-mRNA?

mRNA processing in eukaryotes involves three main modifications. What are they?

RNA polymerase in prokaryotes — what subunits does it have and what is the function of sigma factor?

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in retroviruses. What does it do?

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) — what are the three steps and what enzyme is used?

CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing — which scientist won the Nobel Prize and in which year?

DNA fingerprinting by RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) uses which enzymes?

Transposons ('jumping genes') were discovered by which scientist?

Beadle and Tatum's 'One Gene, One Enzyme' hypothesis was established using which organism?

RNA world hypothesis states that:

Miller-Urey experiment (1953) demonstrated:

What is the Modern Synthetic Theory (Neo-Darwinism) of evolution?

Homologous structures are evidence for which type of evolution?

Industrial melanism (peppered moth — Biston betularia) is an example of:

Adaptive radiation refers to:

Speciation is defined as:

Epigenetics refers to:

Somatic cell hybridization (Protoplast fusion) is used for:

What is a viroids — and which disease does it cause?

Recombinant DNA technology — which enzyme is used to JOIN DNA fragments?

What is gel electrophoresis and what does it separate?

What is the Trp operon (tryptophan operon) and how does it differ from the Lac operon?

What is the 'nucleosome free region' (NFR) at promoters and why is it important?

DARWIN and his theory of natural selection — what were the observations that led to his theory?

Lamarck's theory of evolution was based on which incorrect principle?

Bt cotton — how does it work and what gene does it contain?

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

What is a mutation? Classify types of point mutations.

What is the significance of palindromic sequences in DNA for restriction enzymes?

What are Hox genes and what is their significance in development and evolution?

Phylogenetics uses which type of evidence to classify and determine evolutionary relationships?

DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides: what happens when promoter CpG islands are methylated?

What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and how are they detected?

What is the lac operon (lacI) — the role of the repressor and operator?

The 'mRNA properties' — what is the half-life of mRNA and what factors affect its stability?

Summary question: Which Nobel Prize was awarded in 1962 for DNA double helix structure?

In translation, what is the function of peptidyl transferase?

What is a 'naked DNA' experiment in transformation and why is it significant?

What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and what is its role?

What is the 'Meselson-Stahl experiment' result at generation 2 and what does it prove?

In a DNA molecule, if Guanine is 24%, what is the percentage of Thymine?

An mRNA has the sequence 5'-AUGCAGCUAUGA-3'. How many amino acids will be in the resulting polypeptide (not counting the initiator Met)?

If a double-stranded DNA molecule has 20% Adenine, what is the number of Guanine + Cytosine nucleotides if total nucleotides are 1000?

E. coli genome versus human genome — key differences:

Which of these viruses is an RNA virus?

What is the effect of a frameshift mutation on a protein?

Gene therapy — what is it and what are the two main types?

Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer during DNA replication?

Eukaryotic gene regulation — what are enhancers and how do they work?

Which organelle provides evidence for the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution?

What is the total number of codons in the genetic code, and how many code for amino acids vs stop codons?

Recombinant insulin production — which organism is used and what was the significance?

Gene expression in eukaryotes — post-transcriptional regulation by miRNA:

Chromosomal basis of cancer — what are PROTO-ONCOGENES and how do they become ONCOGENES?

What is polyploidy and why is it important in plant evolution and agriculture?

What is Darwinian fitness in population genetics?