What are the main types of epidemiological study designs, ranked from weakest to strongest evidence?

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY measures which epidemiological parameter and what is its main limitation?

CASE-CONTROL STUDY: what is it, when is it most useful, and what is its primary measure of association?

COHORT STUDY: what is it, and how does it differ from a case-control study?

What is ATTRIBUTABLE RISK (AR) and ATTRIBUTABLE RISK PERCENT (AR%)?

What is CONFOUNDING in epidemiology and how can it be controlled?

What is EFFECT MODIFICATION (interaction) and how is it different from confounding?

What is the MANTEL-HAENSZEL method and when is it used?

What is PROPENSITY SCORE analysis and when is it used?

What is MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION and why does it control for unmeasured confounders?

In a RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (RCT), what does BLINDING (masking) achieve and what are the types?

What are INTENTION-TO-TREAT (ITT) and PER-PROTOCOL (PP) analyses in clinical trials?

What are PHASES of clinical trials (Phase I, II, III, IV)?

What is MULTIPLICITY (multiple testing problem) and how is it addressed?

GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) — what does it find and how are results validated?

LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM (LD) in population genetics — what is it and how is it measured?

Hardy-Weinberg EQUILIBRIUM (HWE) calculation: If allele frequency of 'A' is p = 0.7 and 'a' is q = 0.3, what are the expected genotype frequencies?

LOD SCORE in genetic linkage analysis — what is it and what value indicates significant linkage?

What is HERITABILITY (h²) and what does h² = 0.80 for height mean?

What is GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY and how does it differ from classical epidemiology?

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) in genomics — what is it used for?

What is the HARDY-WEINBERG TEST for testing whether a population is in equilibrium, and what deviations indicate?

What is SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS in statistical studies?

What is REGRESSION TO THE MEAN and why is it important in clinical trials?

What is the HAWTHORNE EFFECT and how does it affect research?

PUBLICATION BIAS in systematic reviews — what is it and how is it detected?

In CLUSTER RANDOMIZED TRIALS (CRT), what is the DESIGN EFFECT (DEFF) and why is it important for sample size?

What is BAYESIAN INFERENCE compared to FREQUENTIST INFERENCE for a clinical diagnostic problem?

What is INTERNAL VALIDITY vs EXTERNAL VALIDITY in research studies?

What is the F-DISTRIBUTION and when is the F-TEST used?

What is REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA and when is it used?

What is MULTILEVEL MODELING (hierarchical linear models) and when is it needed?

QUANTILE REGRESSION vs ordinary least squares (OLS) regression — what is the key difference?

What is FACTOR ANALYSIS and how does it differ from PCA?

What is STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING (SEM) and what can it test that regression cannot?

What is RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) curve for a CONTINUOUS TEST and how does changing the CUT-OFF affect sensitivity and specificity?

What is ECOLOGICAL STUDY and the ECOLOGICAL FALLACY?

What is INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES (ITS) analysis in epidemiology?

What is SELECTION BIAS specifically in a CASE-CONTROL STUDY and give an example?

What is RECALL BIAS and in which study design is it most common?

What is LOSS TO FOLLOW-UP bias (attrition bias) in cohort studies and clinical trials?

SAMPLE SIZE for detecting a PROPORTION — how is it calculated and what does the DESIGN EFFECT affect?

What is STRATIFIED ANALYSIS and how does the MANTEL-HAENSZEL POOLED ESTIMATE differ from the crude estimate?

What is a CROSSOVER TRIAL and what are its advantages and limitations?

What is ADAPTIVE TRIAL DESIGN and what is the advantage over fixed sample trial designs?

What is INVERSE PROBABILITY WEIGHTING (IPW) and how does it control confounding?

What is the NUMBERS NEEDED TO HARM (NNH) and how does it relate to NNT in clinical decision-making?

What is CAUSAL INFERENCE and how does it differ from statistical association?

What is REPRODUCIBILITY (replicability) crisis and what are the main causes in biomedical research?

Summary: What is the CORRECT interpretation of a 95% Confidence Interval for an Odds Ratio of 2.5 (95% CI: 1.3 – 4.8)?

What is IMPUTATION for missing data and when should multiple imputation be preferred over complete case analysis?

What is the NEGATIVE BINOMIAL distribution and when is it preferred over Poisson regression for count data?

BAYESIAN NETWORKS in biological data analysis — what are they and how are they used?

What is the CONCORDANCE INDEX (C-statistic) for survival models and how does it relate to the ROC AUC?

What is NETWORK META-ANALYSIS (NMA) and what can it evaluate that standard meta-analysis cannot?

DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS in biology — what statistical models are used and what is the EC50?

What is the KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATOR formula and how is it calculated at each event time?

In PHARMACOKINETICS, what are the key statistical parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, t½) and how are they calculated?

What is STATISTICAL POWER and how can it be estimated from a pilot study?

In GENOMIC PREDICTION (GBLUP), what is the relationship between the genomic relationship matrix (G) and statistical prediction accuracy?